A respiratory illness recently causing concern in China is now drawing attention in India after a few cases were reported in Bengaluru, Gujarat, and Chennai. Reports suggest that this outbreak is due to a virus called HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus). Should India be concerned? Let’s break down the facts about HMPV, its symptoms, transmission, and how to stay safe.
HMPV Cases in India: Current Scenario
As of January 7, 2025, India has recorded seven confirmed cases, including two infants in Bengaluru diagnosed with bronchopneumonia. Health officials are closely monitoring the situation while maintaining that there’s no significant rise in hospitalizations or respiratory infections linked to HMPV.
Understanding HMPV Trends in China
According to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, HMPV ranks as the least common among the eight respiratory viruses causing acute infections. The virus’s detection rate is 4.1%, significantly lower than the 28.5% positivity rate for influenza. While the numbers are concerning, they are far from indicative of a widespread outbreak[1].
What Is HMPV?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) was first identified in 2001, though research suggests it has been circulating globally for over 60 years. It belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). HMPV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets or by contact with contaminated surfaces.
This virus can cause both upper and lower respiratory infections, ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe conditions such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis. While it can affect individuals of all ages, young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable.
Symptoms to Watch Out For
HMPV symptoms often resemble those of the common cold or flu, which can make diagnosis challenging without specific testing. Common symptoms include:
-Fever
-Cough
-Nasal congestion
-Wheezing
-Sore throat
-Shortness of breath
Symptoms typically appear 3-6 days after exposure and last for 1-2 weeks. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own, but severe cases may require medical attention.
How Does HMPV Spread?
HMPV spreads in much the same way as other respiratory viruses, primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, which is why hygiene plays a crucial role in prevention.
Key Modes of Transmission:
-Direct contact with an infected person’s respiratory secretions.
-Exposure to respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing.
-Touching contaminated surfaces like toys, door knobs etc. and then touching your face.
Crowded spaces such as schools, daycare centers, and public transport systems are high-risk areas for transmission.
How Is HMPV Detected?
HMPV is detected using two main methods:
1. RT-PCR Tests (Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction): RT-PCR test amplifies viral RNA from respiratory samples, providing high sensitivity for early detection. It is considered the gold standard for diagnosing respiratory viruses, accurately identifying even small amounts of genetic material.
2. Antigen Detection Tests: This method detects viral proteins in respiratory samples using techniques like immunofluorescence or ELISA. These tests use antibodies to bind to viral antigens, producing a color change when the virus is present. ELISA is faster than RT-PCR and is commonly used in clinical settings for quick results.
Unlike COVID-19 tests, HMPV testing doesn’t typically involve at-home kits or widespread mass testing. It’s usually conducted in clinical settings when respiratory infections are suspected.
Who Is Most at Risk?
While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are more vulnerable to severe complications:
-Infants and Young Children: Their underdeveloped immune systems make them particularly susceptible.
-Older Adults: Age-related immune decline increases the likelihood of severe outcomes.
-Immunocompromised Individuals: Those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplants, or living with HIV/AIDS face higher risks.
-Chronic Disease Patients: Pre-existing respiratory or cardiac conditions increase vulnerability.
Is HMPV Something to Worry About?
India’s current surveillance data shows no significant increase in respiratory infections or hospitalizations due to HMPV. While recent cases—such as two infants diagnosed with bronchopneumonia in Bengaluru—are concerning, health officials have emphasized that there’s no reason for alarm at this stage.
Most HMPV cases are mild and self-limiting, resolving with supportive care. However, severe complications like pneumonia, bronchiolitis, or respiratory failure can occur in vulnerable groups.
Key Takeaway:
Practicing good hygiene and preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection. While HMPV requires vigilance, there’s no need to panic.
HMPV vs. COVID-19: What’s Different?
While both HMPV and COVID-19 affect the respiratory system and share overlapping symptoms, there are notable differences:
Similarities:
-Both spread through respiratory droplets.
-Symptoms like fever, cough, and nasal congestion are common to both.
-Vulnerable groups include children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals.
Differences:
-Origin: HMPV was identified in 2001, whereas COVID-19 emerged in 2019.
-Seasonality: HMPV infections peak in winter and spring, while COVID-19 can occur year-round.
-Vaccines: COVID-19 vaccines are available, but there is no vaccine for HMPV.
-Symptoms: COVID-19 can cause additional symptoms like loss of taste/smell and gastrointestinal issues, which are uncommon in HMPV.
Is There a Cure for HMPV?
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. Treatment focuses on symptom management and preventing complications.
Mild Cases:
-Rest and hydration.
-Over-the-counter medications like pain relievers, decongestants, and cough suppressants (consult a doctor for children).
Severe Cases:
-Hospitalization for oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation may be required in rare cases.
Prevention Tips for HMPV
An increase in respiratory illnesses is common during colder months. Follow these simple precautions to protect yourself and your loved ones from HMPV:
Do’s:
-Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
-Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean frequently touched objects like doorknobs, phones, and toys.
-Use a Mask: Wear a mask in crowded or enclosed spaces, especially during peak seasons.
-Stay Home if Sick: Isolate yourself if unwell to prevent spreading the virus.
-Strengthen Your Immunity: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and get adequate sleep.
-Follow Cough Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.
Don’ts:
-Don’t Touch Your Face: Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
-Don’t Share Personal Items: Avoid sharing towels, utensils, or toys.
-Don’t Reuse Tissues: Dispose of used tissues properly.
-Don’t Ignore Symptoms: Seek medical advice promptly if unwell.
-Don’t Self-Medicate: Always consult a healthcare provider before taking medications.
Final Takeaway
HMPV is a respiratory virus that requires monitoring, but there’s no need for panic. Most infections are mild and manageable with supportive care and preventive measures. Staying informed and practicing basic hygiene can go a long way in reducing the risk of infection.
If you or a family member develop symptoms like persistent fever, cough, or shortness of breath, consult a doctor promptly. Vigilance without panic is the best approach to navigate emerging health concerns like HMPV.
(The article is written by Nancy Dixit, Subject Matter Expert, and reviewed by Monalisa Deka, Senior Health Content Editor)
References:
-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Infectious Diseases.” China CDC. Accessed January 7, 2025. https://en.chinacdc.cn/health_topics/infectious_diseases.
-Press Information Bureau. “Press Release IFrame.” Government of India. Accessed January 7, 2025. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframe.
-American Lung Association. “Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV).” Lung.org. Accessed January 7, 2025. https://www.lung.org/human-metapneumovirus-hmpv.
-Boivin, Guy, and Pierre-André Hamelin. “Human Metapneumovirus: Characteristics and Clinical Impact in Children.” PLOS Medicine 3, no. 10 (2006): e324. Accessed January 7, 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564111/.
-National Center for Biotechnology Information. “PubMed Central Articles.” NCBI. Accessed January 7, 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/.
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