Jasmine
Jasmine
Jasmine (Jasminum officinale), commonly known as Chameli or Malati, is a fragrant plant that has the potential to manage various diseases. All parts of the Jasmine plant such as leaves, flowers, roots are beneficial and are widely used in Ayurveda for treating various ailments.
Jasmine helps to lower blood cholesterol levels and maintain healthy heart functions due to the presence of antioxidants. These antioxidants protect the body cells against damage caused by free radicals. Drinking Jasmine tea helps in managing weight by improving the metabolism of the body and burning extra calories.
Jasmine leaf paste is useful in promoting wound healing due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Applying Jasmine oil on the skin might help manage certain skin problems like dryness due to its moisturizing properties.
Jasmine essential oil might cause allergies such as contact dermatitis in some people. So, it is advisable to use it in combination with some carrier oil[2][32].
Jasmine helps to lower blood cholesterol levels and maintain healthy heart functions due to the presence of antioxidants. These antioxidants protect the body cells against damage caused by free radicals. Drinking Jasmine tea helps in managing weight by improving the metabolism of the body and burning extra calories.
Jasmine leaf paste is useful in promoting wound healing due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Applying Jasmine oil on the skin might help manage certain skin problems like dryness due to its moisturizing properties.
Jasmine essential oil might cause allergies such as contact dermatitis in some people. So, it is advisable to use it in combination with some carrier oil[2][32].
What are the synonyms of Jasmine?
Jasminum officinale, Jasminum grandiflorum, Yasmeen, Chamelee, Jati Maltiga, Sanna Jati Mallige, Pichi, Jatimalli, Jati, Sannajati
What is the source of Jasmine?
Plant Based
Benefits of Jasmine
Modern Science View
Jasmine might help improve sexual desire in both males and females. It contains certain constituents (alkaloids, alcohol, resins, salicylic acid) that increase metabolism and improves blood circulation. It also has aphrodisiac properties which improve sexual desire[6][7].
Ayurvedic View
Sexual dysfunction, as the name itself suggests, refers to improper functioning of sexual act. This condition can be a result of a loss of libido (less or no inclination towards a sexual act) or when the semen is expelled soon after sexual activity with minimal penile stimulation. This is also referred to as early discharge or premature ejaculation in males. Jasmine helps manage sexual dysfunctioning and increase sexual desire in both male and female due to its Vajikarana (aphrodisiac) property.
Modern Science View
Jasmine is beneficial for liver diseases like hepatitis. It contains oleuropein that has antiviral properties. It inhibits the multiplication of Hepatitis B virus. It might also manage the pain caused by liver scarring (cirrhosis)[2][9].
Modern Science View
Jasmine might manage stomach pain related to diarrhea due to its analgesic and antispasmodic properties. Jasmine decoction helps in relaxing the smooth muscles in the intestine and reduces stomach pain and cramps[11][12].
Tips for using Jasmine tea
1. Jasmine Scented Tea
a. Use black or green tea for making Jasmine scented tea.
b. Place a layer of tea in the bottom of a jar with a large opening.
c. Add Jasmine flowers to it and keep it for at least 24 hours up to several weeks to get aroma of Jasmine in tea.
d. Boil 225-250ml for water in a kettle and add a heaping teaspoon of Jasmine tea to it.
e. Allow water to steep in it. Strain and serve this hot tea.
f. Have it once or twice a day for better digestion.
2. Pure Jasmine Tea
a. Pure Jasmine tea contains only flowers or petals, without other tea.
b. Dry whole Jasmine flowers or petals only.
c. Add it to boiling water to make pure Jasmine tea.
d. It is consumed less often than scented Jasmine tea.
Tips for using Jasmine tea
1. Jasmine Scented Tea
a. Use black or green tea for making Jasmine scented tea.
b. Place a layer of tea in the bottom of a jar with a large opening.
c. Add Jasmine flowers to it and keep it for at least 24 hours up to several weeks to get aroma of Jasmine in tea.
d. Boil 225-250ml for water in a kettle and add a heaping teaspoon of Jasmine tea to it.
e. Allow water to steep in it. Strain and serve this hot tea.
f. Have it once or twice a day for better digestion.
2. Pure Jasmine Tea
a. Pure Jasmine tea contains only flowers or petals, without other tea.
b. Dry whole Jasmine flowers or petals only.
c. Add it to boiling water to make pure Jasmine tea.
d. It is consumed less often than scented Jasmine tea.
Modern Science View
Jasmine is beneficial for causing relaxation due to its antidepressant and sedative properties. It contains certain constituents which give a soothing effect and helps to calm down the brain. It also has an anxiolytic property which slows down the brain activity and provides relief from anxiety [8][13].
Ayurvedic View
Jasmine helps provide relaxation to the mind due to its Medya (brain tonic) property. Disturbances in the nervous system are caused due to an imbalance of Vata dosha which leads to certain problems like stress or lack of sleep. Jasmine helps balance Vata dosha and provides a relaxed with calming effect to the nervous system, thus providing relief.
How effective is Jasmine?
Insufficient evidence
Diarrhea, Increasing sexual desire, Liver disease, Sedative
Precautions when using Jasmine
Breastfeeding
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available about the use of Jasmine during breastfeeding. So, it is advisable to avoid or consult a physician before taking Jasmine during breastfeeding[4].
Pregnancy
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available about the use of Jasmine during pregnancy. So, it is advisable to avoid or consult a physician before taking Jasmine during pregnancy[3].
Side Effects
Important
Modern Science View
Burning sensation of the nose[5].
FAQs about Jasmine precautions
How to use Jasmine
1. Jasmine scented tea
a. Use black or green tea for making Jasmine scented tea.
b. Place a layer of tea in the bottom of a jar with a large opening.
c. Add Jasmine flowers to it and keep it for at least 24 hours up to several weeks to get aroma of Jasmine in tea.
d. Boil 225-250ml for water in a kettle and add a heaping teaspoon of Jasmine tea to it.
e. Allow water to steep in it. Strain and serve this hot tea.
f. Have it once or twice a day for better digestion.
2. Pure Jasmine tea
a. Pure Jasmine tea contains only flowers or petals, without other tea.
b. Dry whole Jasmine flowers or petals only.
c. Add it to boiling water to make pure Jasmine tea.
d. It is consumed less often than scented Jasmine tea.
a. Use black or green tea for making Jasmine scented tea.
b. Place a layer of tea in the bottom of a jar with a large opening.
c. Add Jasmine flowers to it and keep it for at least 24 hours up to several weeks to get aroma of Jasmine in tea.
d. Boil 225-250ml for water in a kettle and add a heaping teaspoon of Jasmine tea to it.
e. Allow water to steep in it. Strain and serve this hot tea.
f. Have it once or twice a day for better digestion.
2. Pure Jasmine tea
a. Pure Jasmine tea contains only flowers or petals, without other tea.
b. Dry whole Jasmine flowers or petals only.
c. Add it to boiling water to make pure Jasmine tea.
d. It is consumed less often than scented Jasmine tea.
Benefits of Jasmine
Modern Science View
Jasmine oil is beneficial for the skin as it has soothing, moisturizing and healing properties. It prevents skin dryness and is useful for dermatitis. Jasmine is also rich in antioxidants which fight against the free radicals and help in reducing fine lines and wrinkles[17][18].
Ayurvedic View
Skin disease can occur due to an imbalance of any of the three doshas, especially Pitta dosha. This leads to dryness or sometimes bleeding conditions. Jasmine helps manage skin disease due to its Snigdha (oily) and Kashaya (astringent) properties. It helps retain moisture on the skin and prevents bleeding thus providing relief in skin diseases.
Tips for using Jasmine oil
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with almond oil or coconut oil.
c. Apply this mixture on the affected area once or twice a day to get quick relief from skin problems.
Tips for using Jasmine oil
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with almond oil or coconut oil.
c. Apply this mixture on the affected area once or twice a day to get quick relief from skin problems.
Modern Science View
Jasmine leaf paste might help in wound healing as it has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It lowers inflammation and promotes wound healing by increasing the production of collagen and new skin cells[12][14-16].
Ayurvedic View
Any external injury can cause wounds and lead to certain symptoms like pain, inflammation, or sometimes bleeding. This leads to an aggravation of Vata-Pitta dosha on the affected area. Jasmine helps manage wounds due to its Vata-Pitta balancing and Kashaya (astringent) properties. It reduces the symptoms of wounds and provides quick healing.
Modern Science View
Jasmine is beneficial for improving mental alertness due to its stimulating effect. Inhaling Jasmine scent increases beta waves (responsible for maintaining consciousness and alertness) in the brain which improves alertness of mind. Jasmine aroma also helps in reducing anxiety, depression and stress [10][39].
Ayurvedic View
Ayurveda says that nervous system is controlled by Vata. Imbalance (depletion) of Vata causes weak memory or poor mental alertness. Jasmine helps manage mental alertness due to its Vata balancing and Medhya (brain tonic) properties. It provides relaxation to the nervous system and provides relief.
How effective is Jasmine?
Insufficient evidence
Mental alertness, Skin infections, Wound healing
Precautions when using Jasmine
Allergy
Important
Modern Science View
Jasmine essential oil might cause contact dermatitis in some people. So, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using Jasmine essential oil[4].
How to use Jasmine
1. Jasmine oil inhalation
a. Tips to get relief in nervous problems b. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
c. Put it in the diffuser and inhale.
d. Or you can also inhale Jasmine oil directly from the bottle.
e. This provides a relaxing and calming effect on the nervous system.
2. Tips to provide relief in skin problems
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with almond oil or coconut oil.
c. Apply it on the affected area once or twice a day to get quick relief from skin problems.
3. Tips for healthy hair
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with Olive oil or almond oil.
c. Apply it to wet hair to promote good health and prevent dryness.
a. Tips to get relief in nervous problems b. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
c. Put it in the diffuser and inhale.
d. Or you can also inhale Jasmine oil directly from the bottle.
e. This provides a relaxing and calming effect on the nervous system.
2. Tips to provide relief in skin problems
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with almond oil or coconut oil.
c. Apply it on the affected area once or twice a day to get quick relief from skin problems.
3. Tips for healthy hair
a. Take a few drops of Jasmine oil.
b. Mix it with Olive oil or almond oil.
c. Apply it to wet hair to promote good health and prevent dryness.
Frequently asked questions
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine reduces anxiety as it contains certain constituents which have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Inhaling Jasmine essential oil helps to lower the brain activity and calms down the brain. It also has sedative properties which induce good sleep [19].
Ayurvedic View
Vata governs all movement of the body as well as actions of the nervous system. Anxiety occurs when our Vata dosha is imbalanced. Jasmine helps manage anxiety due to its Medhya (brain tonic) and Vata balancing properties. It provides a relaxing state to the nervous system and reduces anxiety.
Modern Science View
Jasmine green tea has many benefits. It is rich in antioxidants and protects the body cells against damage caused by free radicals. It might also help in diarrhea as it relaxes the smooth muscles of the intestine and reduces pain due to its antispasmodic and analgesic properties. Its aroma relaxes the mind and also has sedative effects[20-22].
Ayurvedic View
Jasmine green tea can be beneficial in maintaining good digestion as it has Laghu (light) property which makes it easy to digest. It also has Ushna (hot) nature that enhances the Agni (digestive fire) and improves digestion. Jasmine tea is also beneficial for the nervous system due to its Medhya (brain tonic) property. It provides relaxation to the nervous system.
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine tea might help in weight loss as it is low in calories(approximately 2 calories per serving ). It also helps in improving the metabolism of the body which is useful in burning extra calories[32].
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine might cause hay fever due to its strong aroma. Jasmine contains certain constituents that gives it a characteristic odor and can affect people who are sensitive to this aroma[24].
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine might help manage asthmatic conditions as it helps in relieving cough and bronchial spasm related to asthma due to its expectorant and antispasmodic properties[7][25][26].
Ayurvedic View
Jasmine might be used in asthma because of its Ushna (hot) nature and Kapha balancing properties. Asthma is generally caused due to an imbalanced kapha dosha and leads to obstruction in the respiratory tract. Jasmine helps clear the obstruction and provides relief in asthma.
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available to support the role of Jasmine tea in causing miscarriage. However, as Jasmine oil has uterine stimulant properties so it is advisable to avoid using Jasmine during pregnancy[28].
Ayurvedic View
Generally Jasmine tea doesn’t cause bloating. Bloating is a digestive disorder which occurs due to weak or poor digestion. Jasmine tea helps manage healthy digestion by enhancing Agni (digestive fire) due to its Ushna (hot) nature. It gets digested easily due to its Laghu (light) property.
Modern Science View
Jasmine tea is packed with catechins. These catechins may help protect against tooth decay or cavities. They work by killing plaque-forming bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Some experts suggest that jasmine tea like green tea may help reduce bad breath by controlling the growth of odor-causing bacteria[40].
Ayurvedic View
Jasmine tea is good for oral health. It helps reduce bad breath and also controls bleeding or swelling of gums. Jasmine is Kashaya (astringent) in nature which aids to check bleeding when Jasmine tea or Kadha are used for gargling.
Modern Science View
Jasmine tea is a major product of jasmine flowers. Jasmine tea is prepared by blending a base tea with the jasmine flower. Most commonly green tea is used as a base tea, although any tea can be used as a base tea. Even when the base tea is green tea, it is commonly known as jasmine tea.
Modern Science View
Jasmine tea is healthy and at the same time delicious. You can make your tea with loose leaves or tea bags. To prepare tea, just add the leaves to a pot and add hot water. Avoid using boiling water as it can ruin the flavor. Let the tea steep for 3 to 5 minutes, then strain and serve.
Modern Science View
The best time to drink Jasmine tea is around 10 to 11 am. You should drink Jasmine tea 30 minutes before or after having a meal. You can drink a cup of green tea between meals to maximize nutrient intake and iron absorption.
Modern Science View
Experts suggest that inhaling Jasmine (along with lavender) can help reduce the heart rate and bring on feelings of calm and relaxation. This can improve nerve activity and enlighten the mood as well, helping to drift off to sleep more easily[41]. The sedative compounds present in Jasmine oil can regulate erratic or irregular sleep patterns. Just add a few drops to an essential oil burner in your room, this will fill the room with its floral aroma and help you fall asleep and awaken feeling truly rested.
Ayurvedic View
As per Ayurveda, sleep disturbance is caused by aggravated Vata. Taking Jasmine tea at night can help calm the nervous system and provide better comfort in sleeping, especially if you have sleeping problems. It does so by relaxing the mind due to its Medhya (Brain tonic) and Vata balancing properties.
Modern Science View
Jasmine might be beneficial for hair as it has moisturizing and soothing properties. It provides a smooth and silky texture to hair. Massaging the scalp with Jasmine essential oil also increases blood circulation in the scalp[30][31].
Ayurvedic View
Yes, Jasmine is beneficial for hair due to its Snigdha (oily) property. It helps retain moisture on the scalp and reduces certain conditions like itching due to dryness or dandruff. It might also reduce the unnatural hair fall and give strength to the hair.
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine is beneficial for the skin as it has moisturizing and soothing properties. It improves the appearance as well as the texture of the skin. It has antioxidant properties which prevent free radical-mediated damage to the skin and prevents aging. Jasmine also has antibacterial properties which prevent skin infections[7][32][33].
Ayurvedic View
Yes, Jasmine as well as Jasmine oil is good for the skin as it helps to remove excessive dryness of the skin and boost skin glow. This is due to its Snigdha (oily) nature. Topical application of Jasmine oil might also helps in quick healing of wounds.
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine is good for acne as it has anti-acne and anti-inflammatory properties. It prevents the growth of acne-causing bacteria and reduces inflammation[34][35].
Ayurvedic View
Yes, Jasmine is good for acne due to its Kashaya (astringent) property. It helps reduce acne and provides quick healing to the affected area.
Modern Science View
Yes, Jasmine might cause allergies like contact dermatitis in some people. Its intense aroma might also act as a sensitizer for people sensitive to fragrance[4][36][37].
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available for the role of Jasmine in causing inflammation. In fact, Jasmine contains certain constituents which have an anti-inflammatory property and might help in managing inflammation[38].
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available to support the role of Jasmine oil in inducing labor. However, Jasmine oil is frequently used in the first stage of labor to reduce pain and spasm due to its antispasmodic properties. Massaging the lower back with Jasmine oil induces the release of natural pain killers(endorphins) which gives relief in pain and uplifts the mood [23].
Modern Science View
Enough scientific evidence is not available to support the role of Jasmine in causing headache. In fact, Jasmine due to its soothing and calming properties helps in relieving headache. Jasmine flowers and oil can be rubbed on the forehead to get relief from headaches[28][29].
Modern Science View
Aromatherapy massage with Jasmine oil has proven to be effective in providing stimulating effects on the body, providing relief from depression and uplifting mood in humans[42].
References
- The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Of India. Part 1 Volume 1.2016.
- Al-Snafi AE.Pharmacology and medicinal properties of jasminum officinale- A review. Indo Am J Pharm.2018;05(04):2191-2197.
- https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-617/jasmine
- Fonacier L, Bernstein DI, Pacheco K, et al. Contact dermatitis: A Practice Parameter-Update 2015. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL PRACT.2015;3(3S):S1-S39.
- Finny P, Stephen C, Jacob R et al. Jasmine flower extract lowers prolactin. Trop Doct. 2015;45(1):118-22.
- Sihite N, Rusmarilin H, Suryanto D et al. Utilization of jasmine flower extract as antimicrobial in tempeh sausage. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 205. 012037. 10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012037.
- Shahbaa M. Al-Khazraji. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinale. IOSR-JPBS. 2015;10(1): 121-124
- Damian P, Damian K.Aromatherapy: Scent and Psyche: Using Essential Oils for Physical and Emotional Well-Being.Simon and Schuster.1995.
- Zhao G, Yin Z, Dong J.Antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum.J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Sep 7;125(2):265-268.
- Sandeep, Paarakh PM. Jasminum grandiflorum Linn (Chameli):Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology – A review.Pharmacologyonline.2009;2:586-595.
- Srinivas A. EVALUATION OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM OFFICINALE FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences.2013;3(1):428-431.
- Rani B, Yadav M, Pachauri G et al. Awesome Medicinal Benefits of Jasmine Plant. J. Biol. Chem. Research.2017;34( 2):918-922.
- Wei F, Chen F, Tan X. Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Essential Oil of Jasminum officinale L var Grandiflorum Flower. TROP J PHARM RES.2015; 14: 149-152. 10.4314/tjpr.v14i1.21.
- Nayak BS, Mohan K. Influence of ethanolic extract of Jasminum grandflorum linn flower on wound healing activity in rats.Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Apr-Jun;51(2):189-94.
- Ravishankar M, Shreenivas P. Revankar, Jagadeesh K. Evaluation of wound healing effect of Jasminum grandiflorum in albino rats by histopathological studies. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014;2(1): 206-209.
- Chaturvedi AP, Kumar M, Tripathi YB. Efficacy of Jasminum grandiflorum L. leaf extract on dermal wound healing in rats. Int Wound J. 2013 Dec;10(6):675-82.
- Orchard A, van Vuuren S. Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:4517971.
- Michalun MV, DiNardo JC. Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary.2014.
- Elisha E, AL-Maliki S, Ibrahim D. Effects of Jasminum officinale Flowers on the Central Nervous System of the Mouse. Pharm. Biol. 2008; 26:221-227.
- Zhang A, Zhu QY, Luk YS et al. Inhibitory effects of jasmine green tea epicatechin isomers on free radical-induced lysis of red blood cells.Life Sci. 1997;61(4):383-394.
- Kuroda K, Inoue N, Ito Y et al. Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states.Eur J Appl Physiol . 2005.95; 107-14. 10.1007/s00421-005-1402-1408.
- Chan PT1, Fong WP, Cheung YL. Jasmine green tea epicatechins are hypolipidemic in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) fed a high fat diet. J Nutr. 1999 Jun;129(6):1094-101.
- Joseph R, Fernandes P. EFFECTIVENESS OF JASMINE OIL MASSAGE ON REDUCTION OF LABOR PAIN AMONG PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS 1 2. NUJHS. 2013; 3(4): 104-107.
- Derbes VJ. The linden (tilia) as a factor in seasonal pollinosis. J Allergy. 1941; 12(5): 502-506.
- Avizienis A. Essential Oils. 2019.
- Kunhachan P, Banchonglikitkul C, Kajsongkram T et al. Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Vasodilatation Effect of the Flowers Extract of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. "G. Duke of Tuscany".Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:471312.
- Balkrishnan A.chamelee. Ayurvedic Jadi Buti Rehsya. Divya prakshan. 2017.
- Roberts MJ.Edible & Medicinal Flowers.New Africa Books, 2000.
- Dubey P, Tiwari A, Gupta SK, Watal G. Phytochemical and Biochemical Studies of Jasminum Officinale Leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2016; 7(6): 2632-4.
- Branson S. 101 Amazing Uses for Essential Oils: Reduce Stress, Boost Memory, Repel Mosquitoes and 98 More!.2017.
- Dodt CK. The Essential Oils Book: Creating Personal Blends for Mind & Body. 1996.
- Santos. Healing with Tea.
- Kindersley D. Neal's Yard Remedies Beauty Book. 2015.
- Zu Y, Yu H, Liang L et al. Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules. 2010 Apr 30;15(5):3200-3210.
- Ravindran PN. The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices. 2017.
- Frosch PJ, Johansen JD, Menné T et al. Further important sensitizers in patients sensitive to fragrances. Contact Dermatitis. 2002 Nov;47(5):279-87.
- Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Sasseville D et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to fragrance materials in a select North American population. Dermatitis. 2006 Mar;17(1):23-28.
- Lu Y, Han ZZ, Zhang CG et al. Four new sesquiterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from the stems of Jasminum officinale. Fitoterapia. 2019 Jun;135:22-26.
- Rhind JP. Essential Oils (Fully Revised and Updated 3rd Edition): A Comprehensive Handbook for Aromatic Therapy. 2019
- Lodhia P, Yaegaki K, Khakbaznejad A, et al. Effect of green tea on volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Feb;54(1):89-94
- Kuroda K, Inoue N, Ito Y, et al. Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Oct;95(2-3):107-14.
- Hongratanaworakit T. Stimulating effect of aromatherapy massage with jasmine oil. Nat Prod Commun. 2010 Jan;5(1):157-62
Disclaimer
The content is purely informative and educational in nature and should not be construed as medical advice. Please use the content only in consultation with an appropriate certified medical or healthcare professional.