Can you stop coronary artery disease from progressing?

There is no cure for CAD. However, managing the condition and improving the quality of life can be done by leading a healthy lifestyle, and eating a balanced diet that is low in fat. Medications (such as statins) can stabilize the condition and can prevent additional plaque deposits.

Can CAD cause a stroke?

Common heart disorders increase the risk of stroke. CAD increases the risk of stroke by a build-up of plaque in the arteries and blocks the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain.

Does stress really impact CAD prognosis?

Yes, chronic stress can raise blood pressure, trigger inflammation, and contribute to unhealthy habits like smoking or overeating, all of which worsen CAD over time.

Is cardiac health related to dental health?

Surprisingly, yes! Poor oral hygiene and gum disease can increase inflammation in the body, which may contribute to worsening heart disease over time.

OverviewKey FactsSymptomsTypesCausesRisk factorsDiagnosisPreventionSpecialist to visitTreatmentComplicationsHome-careAlternatives therapiesLiving withFAQsReferences

Content Details

Reviewed By

Dr. Rajeev Sharma

MBA, MBBS

Written By

Dr. Nitika Makhija

MDS, BDS

Last updated on:

18 Feb 2025 | 05:13 PM (IST)

Want to know more?

Read Our Editorial Policy

Have issue with the content?

Report Problem

Coronary artery disease

Also known as Ischemic heart disease, Coronary heart disease, and Arteriosclerotic heart disease

Overview

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition where the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). Symptoms include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, and in severe cases, heart attack. However, some people may have no symptoms until the disease significantly worsens.

Men are generally at a higher risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) at a younger age. However, women's risk increases after menopause due to the decline in protective estrogen levels. Family history, advancing age, high blood pressure, an abnormal cholesterol profile, diabetes, obesity, and smoking are the major risk factors for CAD.

Management of CAD includes lifestyle changes like consuming a heart-healthy diet, an exercise regime, and cessation of smoking and alcohol. Medications can help to manage risk factors along with treating the symptoms. Surgery might be advised in severe cases.

Key Facts

Usually seen in

Adults after 35 years of age

Gender affected

Both men and women, but more common in men

Body part(s) involved

Coronary arteries
Heart

Prevalence

World: 315 million (2022)

Mimicking Conditions

One lung problem
Pulmonary embolism
Floppy mitral valve syndrome
Angina pectoris
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Necessary health tests/imaging

Imaging tests: Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram (ECG, Echocardiography, Treadmill test (Stress test), Computed tomography (CT) scan, MRI (Cardiac), Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan, Coronary calcium scoring, Nuclear ventriculography, Coronary angiography, and Electrophysiology study.

Blood tests: Cholesterol total, Triglycerides (Tg), Cholesterol LDL, Cholesterol HDL, CRP (C-reactive protein), Lipoprotein (a), Troponin, Homocysteine, and NT-pro (BNP).

Treatment

Blood thinners: Clopidogrel, Rivaroxaban, Ticagrelor, Aspirin
Beta blockers: Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol
Statins: Rosuvastatin, Pravastatin, Atorvastatin
Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem
Nitrates: Nitroglycerine, Isosorbide mononitrate.
ACE inhibitors: Ramipril, Lisinopril.
Surgery: Coronary angioplasty, Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and Heart transplant.

Specialists to consult

General physician
Cardiologist
Cardiac surgeon

Related NGOs

Heart Foundation India
Swades Foundation

See All

Symptoms Of Coronary Artery Disease

Angina or chest pain is the most common symptom of CAD. Angina develops when too much plaque deposits inside the arteries and narrows them. Angina may cause symptoms like-

Heaviness or tightness in the chest
Tiredness
Indigestion
Heartburn
Sweating

For many people, a heart attack is the first clue that they have CAD. A few symptoms of a heart attack include-

Chest pain or angina
Weakness
Nausea
Cold sweat
Discomfort in the arms or shoulder
Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
Heart palpitations

Over time, CAD can weaken the heart muscle. This may lead to heart failure, a life-threatening condition where the heart cannot pump blood the way it should.

Are you confused between angina, heartburn, and heart attack?

Types Of Coronary Artery Disease

The different forms of coronary artery disease include:

1. Obstructive coronary artery disease

This is the most common type of coronary artery disease. It develops when coronary arteries gradually narrow due to plaque buildup. As the narrowing progresses, it can eventually block blood flow to the heart.

2. Nonobstructive coronary artery disease

This form of CAD is more common in females than males. It is not the result of plaque buildup but occurs due to other coronary artery problems, such as:

Constriction at inappropriate times
Malfunctioning in smaller artery branches
Damage to the artery lining

3. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)

SCAD occurs when a tear in the wall of the coronary artery partially or completely blocks the blood flow. This form can unexpectedly present as a heart attack.

Give your hardworking heart the care it deserves with our extensive range of products tailored for heart health.

Causes Of Coronary Artery Disease

Atherosclerosis or the gradual buildup of plaque in coronary arteries (the major blood vessels in the body that supply blood to the heart) causes coronary artery disease.

Over time, this plaque which is made up of cholesterol, waste products, calcium, and fibrin (which helps in blood clotting) narrows or blocks the coronary arteries. This affects their function to supply enough blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart. It leads to chest pain and puts you at risk of a heart attack.

Various factors can elevate the risk of coronary artery disease, which are explored in detail in the next section.

Risk Factors For Coronary Artery Disease

Multiple risk factors can lead to coronary artery disease. They are broadly divided into non-modifiable and modifiable factors:

I. Non-modifiable risk factors

Hereditary: Genetic factors are a significant risk factor of CAD. People with a family history of CAD are more prone to develop this condition.
Age: The risk of CAD significantly increases after 35 years of age in both men and women.
Gender: Men are more likely to have CAD as compared to women. Evidence has shown that lipoprotein (a) which is a cardiovascular risk factor seems to be elevated in men more than in women.

Note: Women are more prone to cardiovascular diseases including CAD after menopause as protective estrogen levels decline.

II. Modifiable risk factors

Hypertension (High blood pressure): High blood pressure is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. It is characterized by blood pressure in the arteries and other blood vessels greater than 185/115 mm Hg.

Is your blood pressure under control? Explore our wide range of BP monitors to check your BP at the comfort of your home.
Abnormal cholesterol profile: Dyslipidemia, i.e. high LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides with low HDL (good cholesterol) raises CAD risk by promoting plaque buildup that blocks arteries and reduces oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart.

Monitor your cholesterol levels regularly for early detection and proactive heart disease prevention.
Diabetes: The risk of heart disease is higher in men than women with diabetes.

Note: India is the Diabetes capital of the world. Diabetes not only predisposes to heart disease but a plethora of other long-term complications.

Listen to our expert talk about Diabetes, its various complications, and their prevention.
Watch Now
Obesity: The majority of individuals with CHD are overweight or obese.
Lack of physical activity: A sedentary lifestyle predisposes to obesity, high blood pressure, high bad cholesterol, and diabetes, which are all major risk factors for CAD.
A diet rich in unhealthy fats: A diet loaded with saturated fats, trans fat, and packaged food increases the risk of obesity and high bad cholesterol by many folds. This results in excessive plaque formation in coronary arteries, leading to CAD.
Vitamin D deficiency: Moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases including high blood pressure, CAD, and heart failure.

Read about various causes of Vitamin D and when to get tested for its optimum levels.
Excessive alcohol intake: Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure levels and the risk of heart disease.

Tobacco: Smoking increases plaque deposition in arteries and reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen, predisposing to CAD.

Looking to quit smoking? Try our range of smoking cessation products and detach yourself from this deadly habit.
Periodontitis: It is a severe gum infection that can lead to tooth loss. Research has suggested that periodontitis can expose the body to oral bacteria which can lead to the development of plaque buildup in blood vessels and coronary heart disease.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit an elevated risk of coronary artery disease due to accelerated ageing of the cardiovascular system.
Air pollution: Breathing polluted air increases heart disease risk by accelerating blood vessel aging and promoting plaque buildup in the arteries.

Did you know?

Exposure to road traffic noise, particularly above 60 dB, is linked to coronary artery disease in adults. Nighttime traffic noise disrupts sleep, raising stress hormones, which can increase blood pressure and elevate cardiovascular risk.

Diagnosis Of Coronary Artery Disease

CAD is usually diagnosed through the following:

1. Physical examination and medical history

The doctor will check parameters like blood pressure and ask about medical history, lifestyle, and family history.
The symptoms of chest pain and pain in the jaw, neck, left arm, or back are assessed. Shortness of breath is evaluated during rest and in case of activity.

2. Imaging tests

Chest X-ray: This test can reveal heart enlargement or signs of fluid buildup, indicating possible heart failure related to the condition.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test helps detect electrical abnormalities in the heart that may indicate coronary artery disease (CAD).
Echocardiography: It provides real-time images of the heart's structure and function to assess damage or reduced blood flow to the heart due to CAD.
Treadmill test (Stress test): This test evaluates how the heart responds to physical activity, revealing potential issues related to CAD or heart function.
Computed tomography (CT) scan: It identifies plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, a key indicator of coronary artery disease.
MRI (Cardiac): This test detects tissue damage or blood flow issues in the heart and coronary arteries, pointing to CAD.
Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan: This test is used to see areas of the heart muscle with insufficient blood supply, a sign of CAD.
Coronary calcium scoring: Measures calcium buildup in the coronary arteries, helping to assess CAD risk.
Nuclear ventriculography: This is a non-invasive test that uses radioactive material to assess heart function and detect abnormalities in the heart chamber, linked to CAD.
Coronary angiography: The gold standard for CAD diagnosis, it visualizes blockages and severity in coronary arteries using contrast dye.
Electrophysiology study: It assesses the electrical system of the heart to detect arrhythmias or electrical abnormalities caused by CAD.

3. Blood tests

Cholesterol total: It measures overall cholesterol levels to assess the risk of CAD; high levels of cholesterol (>240 mg/dL) increase the risk.
Triglycerides (Tg): High triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL) can contribute to CAD risk by promoting plaque buildup in arteries.
Cholesterol LDL: Elevated LDL(low-density lipoprotein) (>190 mg/dL) leads to plaque formation in arteries, increasing the risk of CAD.
Cholesterol HDL: Higher HDL (High-density lipoprotein) (>60 mg/dL) reduces the risk of CAD by removing LDL (bad cholesterol) from the bloodstream and promoting better blood flow.
CRP (C-reactive protein): Elevated CRP levels generally indicate inflammation and an increased risk of heart disease, even before symptoms appear.
Lipoprotein (a): It is used to assess genetic predisposition. High levels of lipoprotein (a) suggest an increased risk of heart disease, blood clots, and stroke, elevating CAD risk.
Troponin: Elevated troponin levels indicate damage to the heart muscle, which signals an increased risk of heart disease or a heart attack.
Homocysteine: High levels of homocysteine are linked to the severity of CAD and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
NT-pro (BNP): Increased BNP levels reflect heart strain and damage, often correlating with worsening coronary artery disease.

Book your tests from the comfort of your home. Get accurate results delivered to your doorstep with ease.

Prevention Of Coronary Artery Disease

The following tips can help in preventing or reducing the risk for coronary artery disease:

1. Consume a healthy diet

Foods to prefer:

Green leafy vegetables
Legumes
Whole fruits
Whole grains like wheat, brown rice, jowar, ragi and bajra
Low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt
Unsalted nuts and seeds
Eggs, fish, seafood, lean poultry
Vegetable and nut oils like olive oil, canola oil

Foods to limit or avoid:

Refined grains like white flour or white bread
Table sugar
Sugar-sweetened beverages
Packaged foods
Red and processed meats
Butter, coconut, palm, cottonseed and palm kernel oils and other oils that congeal at room temperature
Alcohol consumption
High salt intake

2. Indulge in physical activity

Combining a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best way of maintaining a healthy weight.
Regular exercise strengthens the heart, improves circulation, lowers cholesterol, and helps maintain healthy blood pressure.

Not a gym person? Stay heart-healthy at home. Shop the best exercise equipment for a stronger heart and active lifestyle.

3. Quit smoking

Smoking is never a good idea for your heart's health. It has been researched that giving up on smoking significantly reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Looking to quit smoking, but finding it very difficult? Read about some practical ways that will help you get rid of this unhealthy habit.

4. Manage your stress effectively

Stress, anxiety, and negative mental health are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. It is important to find ways to manage stress in ways that suit you the best.

You can also try our extensive range of natural mind care products after consulting with your doctor.

5. Get sound and sufficient sleep

Poor sleep quality is associated with high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol, which are major risk factors of CAD.
A healthy diet, regular exercise, sleep hygiene, and low stress promote deep and restorative sleep essential for good cardiovascular health.

Struggling to fall asleep? Read about some amazing tips that will help you sleep like a baby.

6. Keep your blood pressure under control

Always keep your blood pressure under control. Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and, if needed, take prescribed medications to lower your blood pressure.

Keep your heart in check. Monitor your blood pressure regularly to prevent CAD and stay on top of your heart health.

Did you know?

This is some good news for all coffee lovers. Research has shown that having two to three cups of black coffee a day has been associated with lowering the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Not just this, coffee has some other amazing health benefits too.

Read Along

Doctor To Visit

The doctors that can be consulted for the diagnosis and management of CAD include:

General physician
Cardiologist
Cardiac surgeon

A general physician helps in the early detection and management of CAD risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.

A cardiologist specializes in diagnosing and treating coronary artery disease with medications, lifestyle changes, and non-invasive procedures.

A cardiac surgeon performs surgical interventions like bypass surgery to restore blood flow in severe cases of CAD.

Consult our team of trusted doctors for the right diagnosis and timely treatment.

Treatment Of Coronary Artery Disease

Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) involves managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of further problems. CAD can be managed effectively with a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and, in a few cases, surgery.

A. Medications

1. Blood thinners: Blood thinners are a class of medicine that helps reduce the risk of a heart attack by thinning the blood and preventing it from clotting. Common blood thinners are:

2. Beta-blockers: These medicines are used to treat angina and high blood pressure. Common beta blockers are:

3. Statins: This class of drugs works by blocking the formation of bad cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, LDL). Common statins are:

4. Calcium channel blockers

This class of drug works by decreasing blood pressure by relaxing the muscles, which causes the arteries to become wider and reduces blood pressure. Common calcium blockers are:

Note: Popping calcium supplements without consulting your doctor could increase the risk of plaque buildup in arteries. Learn more about this.

5. Nitrates: Nitrates are referred to as vasodilators that are used to widen your blood vessels. Common Nitrates are:

Glyceryl trinitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate

6. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: These medicines block the activity of a hormone called angiotensin-2, which causes the blood vessels to narrow. Common ACE inhibitors are:

Note: Heart medications should never be stopped suddenly without consulting your doctor as there is a risk of making symptoms worse.

B. Surgery

Coronary angioplasty: Also called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or balloon angioplasty, this procedure uses a small balloon to widen narrowed arteries, improving blood flow.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): CABG is also known as bypass surgery or a heart bypass. It is a procedure to restore blood flow to areas of your heart that are blocked, causing heart attacks and CAD.
Heart transplant: When the heart is severely damaged and is unable to adequately pump blood around the body, a heart transplant may be needed.

Complications Of Coronary Artery Disease

Chest pain (angina): In the case of narrowed coronary arteries, the blood supply to the heart is not enough. This can lead to chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath.

Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias): When the heart does not receive sufficient blood and oxygen due to CAD, the normal heart signaling can get altered leading to irregular heartbeats.

Heart failure: The narrowed arteries due to CAD makes the heart weak and difficult for the heart to perform its functions eventually leading to heart failure.

Heart attack: The rupture of plaque in one of the coronary arteries can result in the formation of blood clots. This blood clot can stop the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart leading to a heart attack.

Did you know?

People with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of a broad range of heart disorders. In a vicious loop, cardiac risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes increase the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection in the first place and lead to worse cardiovascular outcomes after COVID-19.

Home Care For Coronary Artery Disease

Certain spices are rich in antioxidants that may help manage heart disease and inflammation. But, they should be used as an adjunct to conventional treatment, not a replacement. These include:

Turmeric (Haldi): Cumurin in turmeric can reduce inflammation helping to prevent plaque buildup in arteries.

Boost your heart health naturally with the power of turmeric.

Ginger (Adrak): It improves blood circulation and may help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Garlic (Lehsun): It can support heart health by reducing cholesterol, blood pressure, and stiffness in the arteries.

Coriander (Dhaniya): Helps lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Black pepper (Kalimirch): Rich in antioxidants, black pepper helps reduce inflammation and supports healthy blood circulation.

Cinnamon (Dalchini): Helps lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Omega-3 fatty acids: They reduce inflammation and triglyceride levels that can support heart health. Found in flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, fatty fish, and plant oils.

Explore our wide range of omega fatty acid supplements.

Vitamin D: It can reduce heart disease risk. Get sunlight exposure and consume milk, eggs, tuna, and fortified foods.

Fill any gaps in your Vitamin D levels by dietary supplements. Check out our wide range of supplements.

Note: Taking supplements can be considered under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Apart from these consume a heart-friendly diet that includes:

Eat fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
Limit saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol.
Reduce salt to prevent fluid retention & high BP.
Cut down on sugar to manage blood sugar levels.

Want to learn more tips for a healthy heart?

Did you know?

Vitamins are not produced in the body. Therefore, they must be consumed adequately. However, vitamin D is an exception. Here are a few points which you need to know about vitamin D and why it is important.

Click Here to Know More

Alternative Therapies For Coronary Artery Disease

1. Yoga

Yoga helps in maintaining and elevating the positive health of people with coronary artery disease. Practicing yoga can help with obesity, and keeping lipid profile, blood pressure, and diabetes in control.

Practicing yoga can keep your heart healthy.

2. Acupuncture

Research has shown that acupuncture can be a viable complementary therapy for CAD as it can improve blood circulation throughout the body and within the heart.

Living With Coronary Artery Disease

It's possible to lead a normal life after having heart surgery or problems like a heart attack. Here are a few tips that will help you in your journey of recovery from CAD:

Get into a cardiac rehabilitation program

It is a major step for anyone recovering from a heart attack, heart failure, or other heart problem that requires surgery or medical care.
A rehab program aims to improve the quality of life and prevent another cardiac event.

Coordinate with your doctor

Schedule routine check-ups to monitor heart health.
Get tests like cholesterol, blood pressure, and ECG as advised.
Report symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, or dizziness immediately.
Stay updated on flu and pneumonia shots to prevent complications.

Stay protected without stepping out! Book vaccinations at home for a safe, hassle-free, and expert-administered experience.

Follow a proper medication regimen

Take the medications prescribed by your doctor regularly without fail.
It is also a good idea to consult your doctor when starting any medication for other medical conditions, to avoid interactions between different drugs.

Exercise regularly for heart health

Consult your doctor for suitable exercises.
Try brisk walking, stretching, swimming, or light jogging for 15-20 mins, 3-4 times a week.
Rest if tired; don’t overexert.
Wear comfortable clothing for ease of movement.

Join support groups

If you have a heart condition you might find it useful to meet other people who are facing a similar situation.
This gives a sense of motivation to live with your condition.

Did you know?

Reducing personal exposure to air pollution using a highly efficient face mask can reduce symptoms and improve cardiac health measures of patients with coronary heart disease.

Frequently Asked Questions

References

Brown JC, Gerhardt TE, Kwon E. Risk Factors For Coronary Artery Disease. [Updated 2022 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Danik JS, Manson JE. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2012 Aug;14
Ryczkowska K, Adach W, Janikowski K, Banach M, Bielecka-Dabrowa A. Menopause and women's cardiovascular health: is it really an obvious relationship? Arch Med Sci. 2022 Dec 10;19(2):458-466. Available from:
Rabito MJ, Kaye AD. Complementary and alternative medicine and cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013
Overview. Coronary Artery Disease. March 2020.
Shahjehan RD, Bhutta BS. Coronary Artery Disease. [Updated 2022 Nov 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan
Vasanthi HR, Parameswari RP. Indian spices for a healthy heart - an overview. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010 Nov;6(4):274-9. Available from:
InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Coronary artery disease: Overview. 2013 Feb 13
Olvera Lopez E, Ballard BD, Jan A. Cardiovascular Disease. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan
Hajar R. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Historical Perspectives. Heart Views. 2017 Jul-Sep;18
Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria C, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK. Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Nov 26
Cai Q, Mukku VK, Ahmad M. Coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: a clinical update. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013 Nov;9
Karnoutsos K, Papastergiou P, Stefanidis S, Vakaloudi A. Periodontitis as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: the role of anti-phosphorylcholine and anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Hippokratia. 2008 Jul
Brown JC, Gerhardt TE, Kwon E. Risk Factors For Coronary Artery Disease. [Updated 2022 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan
Manchanda SC. Yoga--a promising technique to control cardiovascular disease. Indian Heart J. 2014 Sep-Oct
Gilani, T.A., Mir, M.S. Association of road traffic noise exposure and prevalence of coronary artery disease: A cross-sectional study in North India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28
Abbasi J. The COVID Heart—One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Patients Have an Array of Increased Cardiovascular Risks. JAMA. 2022
Fact sheet. Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise.
Nocini, Riccardoa; Favaloro, J J.b; Sanchis-Gomar, Fabianc; Lippi, Giusepped. Periodontitis, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction: treat one, benefit all. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 31(6):p 339-345, September 2020.
Zhao Y, Zhang H, Dong X, et al. Relationship of Traditional Risk Factors and Biomarkers with Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;73(24):2947-2956. Available from:
Swades Foundation [Internet]. Available from:
Heart Foundation India [Internet]. Available from:

Did our information help you?

In our relentless endeavour to keep improving our services, you are our eyes. Kindly take out sometime to guide us on how to serve your better.

Share your feedback

Subscribe to stay informed

Subscribe to our carefully crafted informative emailers by Medical Experts and be the first to get the latest health news, tips and important updates.

Submit

Disclaimer

Tata 1mg's sole intention is to ensure that its consumers get information that is expert-reviewed, accurate and trustworthy. However, the information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of a qualified physician. The information provided here is for informational purposes only. This may not cover all possible side effects, drug interactions or warnings or alerts. Please consult your doctor and discuss all your queries related to any disease or medicine. We intend to support, not replace, the doctor-patient relationship.