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A Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate test measures the levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in the blood. DHEAS is a steroid hormone that is present in both males and females. It is primarily produced by the adrenal glands, with smaller amounts produced by ovaries in females and testicles in males. 

DHEAS plays a role in developing male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. The body can convert it into more potent androgens like testosterone and androstenedione. Also, it can be converted into the female hormone estrogen. 

A Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate test helps diagnose and differentiate certain endocrine disorders, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of hormonal balance in the body.

The Testosterone Free test measures the level of unattached or free testosterone in the blood. It is called free testosterone or free T because it is not attached to other molecules, especially proteins. The body actively uses free testosterone as signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and other cellular functions.

An HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) test precisely measures the percentage of sugar-coated or glycated hemoglobin in your blood. The test results represent the proportion of hemoglobin in your blood that has been glycated. 

Hemoglobin, a vital protein found in red blood cells, is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin A is the most abundant form of hemoglobin, and when blood sugar levels increase, a higher proportion of hemoglobin A becomes glycated. As red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, the sugar molecules remain attached to the hemoglobin for the duration of the cell's life. Consequently, the HbA1c test offers insight into your average blood sugar levels over the past 8 to 12 weeks. 

An AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone) test evaluates the amount of AMH available in your body. AMH is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles in females and the Sertoli cells of the testes in males. During the early development of a baby boy, AMH levels are high, which inhibits the development of female reproductive organs while promoting the development of male reproductive organs. On the contrary, in a girl child, low levels of AMH are produced, thus allowing the development of female reproductive structures. The AMH level in young girls remains low until puberty but increases significantly, reaching a peak in early adulthood. AMH levels tend to decrease with age and are undetectable in postmenopausal women.

AMH plays a vital role in developing ovarian follicles in women and is considered an important marker of ovarian reserve, which can be essential in assessing fertility. In men, this hormone is involved in the development and functioning of the testes. Measuring AMH levels in the blood provides critical information about reproductive health in both men and women, which can help assess fertility and guide treatment.

The Follicle Stimulating Hormone test measures the level of FSH in your body. FSH is produced and subsequently released into the blood by the pituitary gland. Its production is controlled by a feedback mechanism involving a hormone situated in the hypothalamus in the brain. The released FSH travels through your blood and then attaches to receptors in the ovaries and testes. It exerts functional effects on the reproductive organs, such as sexual development, puberty, and maturation. FSH levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle in response to estradiol and progesterone. Any disruption or issue in this feedback mechanism can prevent the normal function of the testicles or ovaries. Thus, determining its level provides crucial information regarding your health.

The Serum Prolactin test measures the levels of prolactin hormone in a person’s body. During pregnancy, prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone hormones stimulate breast milk development. Following childbirth, prolactin helps initiate and maintain the breast milk supply. If a woman does not breastfeed, her prolactin concentration will soon drop back to pre-pregnancy levels.

Besides pregnancy, the most common cause of elevated prolactin concentration is prolactinoma, a prolactin-producing tumor of the pituitary gland. Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary tumor and are usually benign (non-cancerous). They develop more frequently in women but are also found in men.

If the pituitary gland and/or the tumor enlarge significantly, it can put pressure on the optic nerve, causing headaches and visual disturbances, and can interfere with the other hormones that the pituitary gland produces.

The Lipid Profile assesses the level of specific fat molecules called lipids in the blood and helps determine the risk of heart ailments. This test determines the amount of different types of lipids, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lipids play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. They are crucial components of the cell membranes and hormones, provide cushioning, and are a storehouse of energy. Any alterations in the lipid levels may lead to potential heart ailments, making their monitoring crucial.

This further contains

• Cholesterol - LDL
• Triglycerides
• Cholesterol - Total
• Cholesterol - HDL
• Very Low Density Lipoprotein
• Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio
• LDL/HDL Ratio
• Non HDL Cholesterol

The Luteinising Hormone test determines the level of luteinizing hormone that promotes the functioning of the gonads, i.e., testes in men and ovaries in women. LH is produced by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland situated at the base of the brain. The production and release of LH are controlled by a system known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. A hormone called GnRH is released from the hypothalamus of the brain and binds to the cell receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn prompts the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone. LH then travels across the blood and attaches to its target cells in the testes in men and ovaries in women to facilitate optimal sexual and reproductive activities.

The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin test measures the level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) protein in the blood and is most often used to help evaluate you for testosterone deficiency or excess. SHBG is produced by the liver and it helps in the transport and regulation of sex hormones, primarily testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen. 

When the SHBG protein binds to sex hormones, your tissues can't use those hormones. Your tissues can only use sex hormones that are "free," which means they aren't attached to proteins, such as SHBG. Changes in SHBG levels can affect the amount of hormone used by the body’s tissues. 

In men, SHBG binds to sex hormones like testosterone and regulates their levels in the blood. When SHBG levels are higher , less free testosterone is available for the body to use. However, when SHBG levels are lower, more free testosterone is available. This balance is important for maintaining overall health and hormonal function in men. 

In women, SHBG plays an integral role in regulating the levels of bioavailable male sex hormones (androgens) and estrogens circulating throughout the body. SHBG has a higher affinity for the androgens testosterone and DHT, and so with the low SHBG, women may have signs and symptoms related to androgen excess.

The Testosterone Total test measures the level of testosterone hormone in the blood. Testosterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced in the testes in men, although it is also present in smaller quantities in the adrenal glands. In women, it is made in small amounts by the ovaries. It is predominantly associated with male physiology and significantly influences physiological functions in both men and women. 

The pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulates testosterone production. As testosterone levels rise, LH production decreases, slowing down testosterone production. Conversely, when testosterone levels fall, LH production increases, stimulating testosterone production.

Most of the testosterone circulating in the blood gets attached to two proteins, albumin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and some of it remains unattached, called free testosterone. Free testosterone and albumin-bound testosterone are also known as bioavailable testosterone, as they are readily available for the body to use for proper functioning.

The 17 Alpha Hydroxy Progesterone test measures the level of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the blood. It is an important intermediate in the production of cortisol, an essential hormone for stress response, metabolism and immune function. This test is used to detect congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic disorder that affects the hormone production in the adrenal glands. 

By measuring the levels of 17-OHP , doctors can identify the abnormalities in the hormone production that may lead to conditions such as CAH, PCOS, or adrenal tumors.

The HOMA IR; Insulin Resistance Index is a blood test used to assess an individual's insulin resistance, a fundamental aspect of metabolic health crucial for regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin leading to impaired glucose uptake. The test is based on the principle that the body's glucose and insulin levels are closely related and that when the body is functioning normally, glucose and insulin levels should be in balance. Through a mathematical model utilizing fasting insulin and glucose levels, HOMA IR provides a quantitative assessment of insulin sensitivity. This index helps doctors gauge how effectively the body processes glucose in response to insulin, offering insights into the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

Moreover, the HOMA IR; Insulin Resistance Index test helps in personalized health management. By identifying individuals with insulin resistance early on, doctors can implement targeted strategies , such as lifestyle modifications and medication therapy to improve insulin sensitivity and  prevent complications. However, in individuals taking exogenous insulin( insulin injections) HOMA IR cannot be used to assess pancreatic beta cell function accurately. For such individuals, the HOMA IR-C peptide model is recommended. 

Additionally, monitoring changes in HOMA-IR levels over time allows for the assessment of treatment efficacy and the refinement of personalized treatment plans. Overall, the HOMA IR; Insulin Resistance Index test empowers individuals and doctors to proactively address metabolic health concerns, paving the way for improved overall well-being and reduced risk of chronic diseases.

This further contains

• Insulin, Fasting
• Beta Cell Function
• Insulin Sensitivity
• FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
• HOMA-IR Index

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are thyroid hormones that help regulate metabolism and energy levels. On the other hand, the pituitary gland produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 hormones. T3 and T4 circulate in the blood in two forms: bound (attached to proteins) and free (does not attach to any protein). The Thyroid Profile Free (FT3, FT4 & TSH) measures the free or active form of these hormones.

The serum levels of the thyroid hormones and TSH have an inverse relationship, i.e., low T4 and T3 (as observed in hypothyroidism) and high T4 and T3 (as seen in hyperthyroidism) levels are associated with high and low TSH levels, respectively.

This further contains

• Thyroxine - Free
• Triiodothyronine Free
• TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Ultrasensitive